A clean-looking p-value can still rest on the wrong unit, a changed denominator, repeated looks, hidden exclusions, or an observational comparison written as a causal result. This skill makes those choices visible before a decision depends on them.
It defines the population and estimand, records source provenance, checks assignment and analysis populations, matches methods to the actual sampling structure, inventories multiplicity, and separates planned work from exploratory work. Results lead with effect size and uncertainty. Diagnostics, missing-data choices, sensitivity checks, and unsupported claims stay attached to the conclusion.
Use it for experiments, observational comparisons, before-and-after studies, segmented metrics, anomaly claims, forecasts, or an existing analysis that needs a skeptical review. A bundled read-only checker validates a structured analysis record and its cross-references. It does not run the statistics, inspect raw systems, or replace a qualified statistical or domain reviewer.